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不同剂量羟考酮对男性患者全麻苏醒期导尿管留置反应的治疗作用

时间:2022-06-15 18:28:01  浏览次数:

zoޛ)j馝׮ըky大学附属第一医院行择期非泌尿系统手术苏醒期出现导尿管留置不适的男性患者120例,年龄20~60岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为A、B、C、D组,每组各30例。A、B、C组患者分别静脉注射羟考酮0.03、0.05、0.07 mg/kg,所有药物统一稀释至5 mL,D组患者静脉注射5 mL生理盐水。观察四组患者用药前后视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、睡眠障碍镇静评分(Ramsay评分)、生命体征变化、导尿管留置反应及不良反应。 结果 用药后A、B、C组的VAS评分、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)均低于D组(P < 0.05),Ramsay评分高于D组(P < 0.05);B、C组患者过度镇静发生率高于A组(P < 0.05)。A、B、C组对全麻苏醒期导尿管留置不适治疗效果差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),均优于D组(P < 0.05)。四组患者恶心呕吐的发生率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 静脉注射小剂量(0.03 mg/kg)羟考酮能够治疗男性患者全麻苏醒期尿管留置不适,减轻术后疼痛,有利于血流动力学稳定,而且不增加过度镇静及恶心呕吐的发生。

[关键词] 羟考酮;男性;全麻;导尿管留置反应

[中图分类号] R614.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2017)03(a)-0057-04

Therapeutical effect of different doses of Oxycodone on urethral catheter-related reaction during anesthesia recovery period after general anaesthesia in male adult patients

CHEN Fengshou LI Xiaoqian MA Hong

Department of Anesthesiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110001, China

[Abstract] Objective To observe curative effects of different doses of Oxycodone on urethral catheter-related reaction during anesthesia recovery period after general anaesthesia in male adult patients. Methods 120 male patients underwent elective surgery except urinary system and had urethral catheter-related reaction during anesthesia recovery period from June to November 2016 in the First Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University were eolled, aged from 20 to 60, the American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) was Ⅰ-Ⅱ grade. All the patients were divided into four groups: group A, group B, group C, group D, according to the random number table, with 30 cases in each group. Patients of group A, group B, group C were allocated to receive Oxycodone 0.03, 0.05, 0.07 mg/kg respectively, all drugs were diluted to 5 mL with saline. Patients of group D were allocated to receive saline 5 mL. Visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Ramsay score, vital signs change, urethral catheter-related reaction before and after treatment, and adverse reactions were recorded. Results After treatment, VAS score, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) of group A, group B, group C were lower than those of group D. Ramsay scores of group A, guoup B and grouup C were higher than that of group D, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05); but the incidence of excessive sedation was significantly higher in group B and group C than that in group A (P < 0.05). Oxycodone cured urethral catheter-related reaction in group A, group B and group C effectively, the curative effects did not differ obviously (P > 0.05), and which were better than that of group D statistically (P < 0.05). No statistical difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting was observed among the four groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion Intravenous administration of low-dose (0.03 mg/kg) Oxycodone is more suitable for treating urethral catheter-related reaction after general anaesthesia in male adult patients, also can reduce postoperative pain, which is beneficial to the stability of hemodynamics, and does not increase the incidence of excessive sedation, nausea and vomiting.

[Key words] Oxycodone; Male patients; General anaesthesia; Urethral catheter-related reaction

全麻患者苏醒期导尿管留置不适是引起患者苏醒期躁动的重要原因之一。导尿管源性的膀胱刺激征发生率为47%~90%[1]。严重的导尿管留置不适可能会引起手术切口裂开、出血、循环系统不稳定、心律失常、冠脉疾病恶化等并发症,并可能加重术后疼痛,延长住院时间。因此,预防和治疗患者全麻苏醒期导尿管留置不适有十分重要的临床意义。研究表明,阿片类药物能预防导尿管源性膀胱刺激征[2-3],缓解全麻苏醒期导尿管留置不适,但羟考酮用于治疗男性患者全麻苏醒期导尿管留置反应的研究较少。本研究拟观察不同剂量羟考酮对男性患者全麻苏醒期导尿管留置不适的治疗作用。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选择2016年6~11月于中国医科大学附属第一医院(以下简称“我院”)行择期非泌尿系统手术的男性患者,患者苏醒后在麻醉恢复室(PACU)评估导尿管留置不适情况,其中,0分:无不适自觉症状;1分:轻度不适,僅在被询问时诉尿路不适,可忍受;2分:中度不适,有明显自觉症状,主动表述,尚可忍受,无行为反应;3分:重度不适,有明显自觉症状,主动表述,不能忍受,有身体行为反应,如四肢乱动、试图拔掉尿管、语言反应激烈等[2-3]。评分为2分及以上认为发生了导尿管留置不适反应。

选择出现导尿管留置不适的男性患者120例,年龄20~60岁,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为A、B、C、D组,每组30例。排除既往有精神疾病、泌尿系统疾病、心脑血管系统疾病、肝肾功能不全或导尿管置入不顺利患者。四组患者ASA分级、年龄、体重指数、手术时间、麻醉时间、尿管留置不适情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性,见表1。所有患者知情同意并签署知情同意书,且本研究获我院医学伦理委员会批准。

1.2 方法

择期非泌尿系统手术患者入手术室后均开放静脉,诱导前静脉注射咪达唑仑2 mg。诱导时依次静脉注射舒芬太尼0.5 μg/kg、顺式阿曲库铵2 mg/kg、依托咪酯2 mg/kg。实施麻醉诱导后经口气管插管。患者均于全麻诱导后插同规格同型号的导尿管。静脉持续输注丙泊酚复合吸入七氟醚维持麻醉,随麻醉深度调整用量,维持BIS值40~60,顺式阿曲库铵2~3 mg间断静脉注射。手术结束前30 min静脉注射舒芬太尼5 μg和盐酸托烷司琼5 mg,结束前10 min停用七氟醚,手术结束后停用丙泊酚。术后患者转入PACU,符合拔管指征后由PACU麻醉医师拔除气管导管。由一名麻醉医生评估患者的导尿管留置反应情况,对于出现导尿管留置不适的患者,依据分组A、B、C组患者分别静脉注射羟考酮(批号:BN868,萌蒂制药有限公司,中国)0.03、0.05、0.07 mg/kg,所有药物统一稀释至5 mL,D组患者静脉注射5 mL生理盐水。由一名对麻醉药和分组不知情的研究者进行给药。

1.3 观察指标

记录四组患者ASA分级、年龄、身高、体重、手术时间、麻醉时间、用药前后的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、睡眠障碍镇静评分(Ramsay评分)、导尿管留置不适情况。VAS法评分标准:0分为无痛;1~3分为有轻微疼痛,患者能忍受;4~6分为患者疼痛并影响睡眠,尚能忍受;7~10分为患者有剧烈疼痛,疼痛难忍。Ramsay评分标准:1分为不安静、烦躁;2分为安静、合作;3分为嗜睡、能听从指令;4分为睡眠状态、可唤醒;5分为呼唤反应迟钝;6分为深睡状态、呼唤不醒;其中,5~6分为过度镇静。同时,记录四组患者用药后过度镇静、恶心呕吐等不良反应。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料数据用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析;计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 四组患者用药前后VAS评分比较

组内比较,A、B、C组患者用药后VAS评分均低于用药前(P < 0.05);D组用药前后VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。组间比较,四组患者用药前VAS评分差异无统计学(P > 0.05);C组患者用药后VAS评分低于A组、B组(P < 0.05),A、B组患者用药后VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);D组患者用药后VAS评分高于其他三组(P < 0.05)。见表2。

2.2 四组患者用药前后Ramsay评分比较

组内比较,A、B、C组患者用药后的Ramsay评分高于用药前(P < 0.05);D组用前药后Ramsay评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。组间比较,四组患者用药前Ramsay评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);用药后C组患者Ramsay评分显著高于其他三组(P < 0.05);D组患者Ramsay评分显著低于其他三组(P < 0.05);A、B组患者用药后Ramsay评分差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2。

2.3 四组患者MAP、HR、SpO2比较

组内比较,A、B、C组患者用药后MAP、HR均低于用药前(P < 0.05);D组患者用药后MAP、HR高于用药前(P < 0.05);四组患者用药前后SpO2差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。组间比较,用药前四组患者MAP、HR、SpO2差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);用药后,A、B、C组患者MAP、HR差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),均低于D组(P < 0.05);四组患者用药后SpO2差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表3。

2.4 四組患者用药后导尿管留置不适情况比较

用药后A、B、C组尿管留置不适治疗效果差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),均优于D组(P < 0.05)。见表4。

2.5 不良反应

用药后B组有5例患者发生了过度镇静,C组有7例患者发生了过度镇静,发生率高于A组(0例),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。四组患者恶心呕吐的发生情况(A组2例,B组1例,C组1例,D组2例)差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。

3 讨论

全麻诱导后导尿,患者对导尿过程中的疼痛以及导尿管留置不适均无体验和预适应,因此苏醒期患者经常出现导尿管留置不适反应。研究表明,型号大于18fr Foley导尿管和男性是PACU中患者发生导尿管源性膀胱不适的独立危险因素[4]。导尿管留置不适反应症状类似于膀胱过度活动引起的症状:尿频尿急,伴或不伴随紧迫性尿失禁,与M受体介导的膀胱非自主性收缩相关[5]。目前研究表明,M受体拮抗剂丁基东莨菪碱、奥昔布宁和托特罗定能够降低尿管源性膀胱刺激征的发生率,减轻其严重程度[6-10]。膀胱的副交感神经为来自脊髓第2~4骶节的盆内脏神经,支配膀胱逼尿肌,抑制尿道括约肌,是与排尿有关的主要神经。研究表明,阴部神经或阴茎背神经阻滞对导尿管源性膀胱不适有预防效果[11-13]。

曲马多、舒芬太尼等阿片类药物能缓解导尿管源性膀胱不适[3-4]。羟考酮是纯阿片μ和κ受体激动药。动物实验表明,κ受体与内脏痛相关[14]。基因敲除实验证实,κ受体缺失对内脏炎症和内脏痛更加敏感[15]。羟考酮主要通过与κ受体结合,特别是κ2b受体发挥作用,与μ受体亲和力较低[16]。目前羟考酮广泛应用于治疗术后疼痛、癌性疼痛及神经痛等方面[17-20]。本研究显示,对于全麻苏醒期发生导尿管留置不适的患者,静脉注射羟考酮后A、B、C组患者VAS评分、MAP、HR均显著低于D组(P < 0.05),说明静脉注射羟考酮能够缓解导尿管留置不适患者的疼痛,有利于患者的血流动力学的稳定。A、B、C组全麻苏醒期导尿管留置不适治疗效果差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),均显著优于D组(P < 0.05),但B、C组患者过度镇静发生率较A组增加(P < 0.05),提示0.03 mg/kg羟考酮能够缓解全麻患者苏醒期尿管留置不适,而且不增加过度镇静的发生。本研究中,四组患者恶心呕吐的发生率差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),提示使用羟考酮并未增加恶心呕吐的发生率。

综上所述,静脉注射小剂量(0.03 mg/kg)羟考酮能够治疗男性患者全麻患者苏醒期尿管留置不适,减轻术后疼痛,而且不增加不良反应,能够安全地用于男性患者全麻苏醒期导尿留置不适的治疗。

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